Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Place du Panthéon, a square in Paris; Pantheon, London, an 18th-century place of entertainment; Pantheon of National Revival Heroes, a Bulgarian national monument and ossuary; Pantheon, Moscow, a planned but uncompleted memorial … [46] These were dragged more than 100 km (62 miles) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges. La construction du Panthéon a commencé en 27 avant J.C. sous la direction de Marcus Agrippa et est lun des rares monuments de lancienne Rome encore intact. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Le Panthéon est un temple que les Grecs et les Romains consacraient à certains de leurs dieux, par exemple le Panthéon de Rome, dédié à tous les dieux. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. The confraternity continued to draw members from the elite of Rome's artists and architects, and among later members we find Bernini, Cortona, Algardi, and many others. Cassius Dio, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive History of Rome, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. The choir was added in 1840, and was designed by Luigi Poletti. Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. Dedication made to the Deus Invictus by a Roman legionary in Brigetio, Pannonia Invictus ("Unconquered, Invincible") was in use as a divine epithet by the early 3rd century BC. Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon: Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I, as well as Umberto's Queen, Margherita. The Pantheon is full of such devices – for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside – but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior. [7] Cassius Dio, a Roman senator who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". Its Roman concrete dome is 4535 metric tons. [52], No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). [64] The oculus also serves as a cooling and ventilation method. [72] Others include the Rotunda of Mosta in Malta (1833). It was commissioned by Raphael and made by Lorenzetto in 1524. The Pantheon (UK: /ˈpænθiən/, US: /-ɒn/;[1] Latin: Pantheum,[nb 1] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, "[temple] of all the gods") is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). As a result, the interior decorative zones do not line up. Buildings. On the right wall is the canvas Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV (1750) by an unknown. [59] It is the only masonry dome to not require reinforcement. The Pantheon is the best preserved of all Roman buildings. An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa (213 psi) for this specimen. Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo, with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works. The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch would have been some 80% greater. The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome. Pantheon adalah sebuah bangunan yang dikonstruksikan pada tahun 27 SM sebagai kuil berbentuk bulat di pusat kota Roma. Par métonymie, le terme désigne l'ensemble des divinités d'une mythologie ou religion[1]. The 4,535-tonne weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight barrel vaults in the 6.4-metre-thick (21 ft) drum wall into eight piers. The best known of such structures is the Pantheonof Rome, first built by Marcus Agrippaas part of a complex created by him on his own property in the Campus Martiusin 29–19 BC. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 23 novembre 2020 à 17:19. J.-C). The bronze epigram commemorated Pope Clement XI's restoration of the sanctuary. The present arrangement is from 1811, designed by Antonio Muñoz. Het Pantheon is een antieke tempel in Rome uit de 2e eeuw n.Chr. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the portico, eliminating these steps. [9] In fact, the concept of a pantheon dedicated to all the gods is questionable. Langue; Suivre; Modifier; Fichier; Historique du fichier; Utilisation du fichier; Usage global du fichier; Métadonnées; Taille de cet aperçu : 800 × 519 pixels. The bust on the left is a portrait of Baldassare Peruzzi, derived from a plaster portrait by Giovanni Duprè. [11], Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word aedes, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum". In the Imperial period, it expressed the invincibility of deities embraced officially, such as Jupiter, Mars, Hercules, and Sol. Dernière modification le 23 novembre 2020, à 17:19. The second niche has a 15th-century fresco of the Tuscan school, depicting the Coronation of the Virgin. "[20] However, archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the façade. Die digter Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791−1863), 'n boorling van Rome, het een van sy «Romeinse sonette» aan La Rotonna gewy. The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. [43] The taller porch would have hidden the second pediment visible on the intermediate block. [71], Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta (1664) in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,[72] Belle Isle House (1774) in England and Thomas Jefferson's library at the University of Virginia, The Rotunda (1817–1826). [57] These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. À propos de Wikipédia; Avertissements; Rechercher. The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli. Mark Wilson Jones has attempted to explain the design adjustments carried out in relating the porch to the dome, arguing that the Pantheon's porch was originally designed for monolithic granite columns with shafts 50 Roman feet tall (weighing about 100 tonnes) and capitals 10 Roman feet tall in the Corinthian style. English: An image of Pantheon in Rome, Italy. [21], The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. ISBN 978-90-247-1458-2 MacDonald, William L.. En grec ancien, πᾶν (pãn) signifie « tout » et θεός (theos), « dieu ». While more recent archaeological diggings have suggested that Agrippa's building might have had a circular form with a triangular porch, and it might have also faced north, much like the later rebuildings, Ziolkowski complains that their conclusions were based entirely on surmise; according to him, they did not find any new datable material, yet they attributed everything they found to the Agrippan phase, failing to account for the fact that Domitian, known for his enthusiasm for building and known to have restored the Pantheon after 80 AD, might well have been responsible for everything they found. "[33] Twenty-eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the catacombs and placed in a porphyry basin beneath the high altar. It is made from several materials, including marble, granite, concrete and brick.The Parthenon is a Doric temple supported by ionic columns. [27] How the building was actually used is not known. Celui des Égyptiens nous est également assez bien connu (le panthéon égyptien doit être considéré spirituellement différent par rapport à ceux de la Grèce et de Rome[réf. [39] The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the pediment above Agrippa's inscription. 4 nov. 2016 - Pantheon panorama, Rome - 6 - Panthéon (Rome) — Wikipédia [50] However, analysis of the fusion technique confirmed that these are the original Roman doors,[49] a rare example of Roman monumental bronze surviving, despite cleaning and the application of Christian motifs over the course of centuries. [34] On its consecration, Boniface placed an icon of the Mother of God as 'Panagia Hodegetria' (All Holy Directress) within the new sanctuary.[35]. Le Panthéon est un monument de style néo-classique situé dans le 5 e arrondissement de Paris.Au cœur du Quartier latin, sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève, il est au centre de la place du Panthéon et entouré notamment de la mairie du 5 e arrondissement, du lycée Henri-IV, de l'église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, de la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève et de la faculté de droit. [55] This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the elimination of the apex by means of the oculus.[56]. The Pan­theon is a state prop­erty, man­aged by Italy's Min­istry of Cul­tural Her­itage and Ac­tiv­i­ties and Tourism through the Polo Muse­ale del Lazio; in 2013 it was vis­ited by over 6 mil­lion peo­ple. [57] The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. Nama Pantheon berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti Rumah Semua Dewa. This refers to the confraternity of artists and musicians that was formed here by a 16th-century Canon of the church, Desiderio da Segni, to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel. [5] The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of Augustus Caesar and Agrippa. "[28] Whatever the cause of the alteration of the inscription might have been, the new inscription reflects the fact that there was a change in the building's purpose.[29]. This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and, it is presumed, had symbolic meaning, either numerical, geometric, or lunar. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio. The building's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment, destruction, and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome's buildings during the early medieval period. This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. [67], Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. nécessaire]). This image is published on Wikipedia Commons by Martin Olsson under the GFDL license. Throughout the day, the light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse sundial effect. The sarcophagus was given by Pope Gregory XVI, and its inscription reads ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the heavens. Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. His fiancée, Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus; she died before they could marry. Pope Urban VIII (1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. On 23 July 1725, the Pantheon was established as Cardinal-deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, i.e. The frieze has allegorical representations of Generosity, by Eugenio Maccagnani, and Munificence, by Arnaldo Zocchi. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2005). The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with tie-rods, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse. [73] Other notable replicas, such as The Rotunda (New York) (1818), do not survive. The present design is by Giuseppe Sacconi, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The stucco relief on the left, Dream of St Joseph, is by Paolo Benaglia, and the one on the right, Rest during the flight from Egypt, is by Carlo Monaldi. On the right side is the low relief Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See (1824) made by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. [13] In fact, Livy wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings (or perhaps temple cellae) should only be dedicated to single divinities, so that it would be clear who would be offended if, for example, the building were struck by lightning, and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific deity (27.25.7–10). On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an Assumption (1638) by Andrea Camassei. [10] Ziegler tried to collect evidence of panthea, but his list consists of simple dedications "to all the gods" or "to the Twelve Gods", which are not necessarily true pantheons in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30 centimetres (12 in) to promote water run off.[62][63]. The first members were, among others, Antonio da Sangallo the younger, Jacopo Meneghino, Giovanni Mangone, Zuccari, Domenico Beccafumi, and Flaminio Vacca. Panteonul, o clădire din Roma (Italia), comandat de Marcus Agrippa ca un templu pentru toți zeii din Roma antică, și reconstruit de împăratul Hadrian, în aproximativ 126 d.Hr. It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian 's reign. Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean 'superhuman', or even 'excellent'. It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing, because it originally hung in the niche on the left-hand side of the portico, where it was protected by a railing. Het Pantheon is een van de best bewaard gebleven Romeinse gebouwen ter wereld. The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a Madonna of the Girdle and St Nicholas of Bari (1686) painted by an unknown artist. Pantheon, The Ancient Roman Building - Traveldigg.com. ; Le Panthéon de Rome est un temple, magnifiquement conservé, de l'Antiquité romaine, dédié à tous les dieux. On coins, the same words, "M. Agrippa L.f cos. tertium", were the ones used to refer to him after his death; consul tertium serving as "a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute, a remembrance of the fact that, of all the men of his generation apart from Augustus himself, he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. The royal tombs are maintained by the National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs, founded in 1878. To the sides are paintings (1661) by Francesco Cozza, one of the Virtuosi: Adoration of the Shepherds on left side and Adoration of the Magi on right. Die plein buite die Panteon dra dieselfde naam - Piazza della Rotonda. Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context. Pantheon adalah sebuah bangunan kuil berbentuk bulat yang dibina dari tahun 27 SM sehingga ia diselesaikan pada zaman pemerintahan Maharaja Hadrian (118 SM-28 M) pada tahun 126 M di pusat kota Roma. During storms, a drainage system below the floor handles the rain that falls through the oculus. Dans l'Antiquité, les villes étaient créées sous l'égide d'un dieu protecteur de la ville (« divinité poliade »), et le fondateur trouvait sa légitimité en s'affirmant être le fils d'un dieu (surtout chez les Grecs). Enshrined on the apse above the high altar is a 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child, given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV on the occasion of the dedication of the Pantheon for Christian worship on 13 May 609. An ionic frieze runs around its exterior walls. The bust of Raphael (1833) is by Giuseppe Fabris. le panthéon égyptien doit être considéré spirituellement différent par rapport à ceux de la Grèce et de, Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales, Liste des divinités de la mythologie grecque, Portail de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panthéon&oldid=167126828, Portail:Architecture et urbanisme/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus actually lightens the load. colosseumrometickets.com. The marble interior has largely survived, although with extensive restoration. [5], The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Français : L'autel principal de l'église Santa Maria ad Martyres (le Pantheon), Rome, Italie. Pantheon (Grieks: πάς pas = elke / θεός theos = god) betekent '(gewijd aan) alle goden’. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it provides no information as to who Agrippa's foundation was dedicated to, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." The final niche on the right side has a statue of St. Anastasio (1725) by Bernardino Cametti.[69]. 0 Panthéon - Piazza della Rotonda - Rome 2.JPG 3,788 × 2,526; 7.63 MB It has a rectangular floor and is made entirely from marble, with a limestone base. www.thoughtco.com. File:Jakob Alt - Das Pantheon und die Piazza della Rotonda in Rom - 1836.jpg. Le Panthéon de Rome est un temple romain situé sur la Piazza della Rotonda, à Rome, en plein cœur historique.Son nom vient des mots grecs pan (tout) et theios (divin), que l'on peut traduire par "tous les dieux" .. Historique [modifier | modifier le wikicode]. "[22], The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze",[23] that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof,"[24] and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome". [16] The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo)[17] in such a relatively short period of time.[18]. Revenir à la page « Panthéon (Rome) ». A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. [6], The name "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" (Πάνθειον) meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods": (pan- / "παν-" meaning "all" + theion / "θεῖον"= meaning "of or sacred to a god"). Pantheon, Rome - Wikipedia. Les panthéons nationaux pouvaient s'augmenter d'ajouts étrangers : ainsi les Égyptiens adoptèrent Astarté, les Romains Isis, les Grecs modifièrent le panthéon des autres peuples pour le coller au leur, les Phéniciens accueillirent Hathor (dame de Byblos), les Asiatiques possédaient tous un Baal national, les Carthaginois adoptèrent les dieux grecs, etc. The Pantheon is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). [61], Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. [26], The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian's architects is uncertain. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. [51] Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison[53] found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall. [36] Two columns were swallowed up in the medieval buildings that abutted the Pantheon on the east and were lost. In 202, the building was repaired by the joint emperors Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla (fully Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), for which there is another, smaller inscription on the architrave of the façade, under the aforementioned larger text. It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history and, since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been in use as a church dedicated to "St. Mary and the Martyrs" (Latin: Sancta Maria ad Martyres) but informally known as "Santa Maria Rotonda".